Biological applications of foldamers
Helical aromatic oligoamide foldamers have been developed in our lab with fully cationic side chains conferring them with water solubility and and cell penetration properties.[1] Advances in synthetic folded architecture design together with the finding that some aromatic backbones also fold in water have opened avenues toward selective foldamer–biomolecule interactions and foldamers that interfere with biological functions.
Development of new synthetic tools: Solid Phase Synthesis (SPS) of aromatic oligoamide foldamers
Solid Phase Synthesis which is widely used to provide synthetic foldamers such as β-peptides or peptoids has recently been developed in our lab in order to obtain helical aromatic amide foldamers.[2] The optimization of biological activities often proceeds through the parallel synthesis of multiple variants possessing different proteinogenic side chains, which is best achieved on solid phase. Typically, monomers bearing proteinogenic side chains are prepared as Fmoc-protected amino acids, activated as acid chlorides and coupled on resin using microwave irradiation to enhance reaction rates.
Foldamers/Biomolecules interactions
Synthetic foldamers, due to their medium size (typically in the 0.5-5 kDa range) and well-defined structure in solution, appear as potent candidates to serve as scaffolds bearing proteinogenic side chains that would recognize biomacromolecules. In this respect aromatic oligoamides constitute particularly attractive candidates and alternatives to peptidic and oligonucleotidic backbones as their conformations are highly stable in water and reliably predictable. In addition, helical cationic aromatic oligoamides show high resistance towards enzyme degradation and cell penetration properties.[1]
Foldamers/DNA interactions
Cationic aromatic structures are potent candidates to interact with nucleic acids in water. We have discovered that helical oligoamides strongly and selectively interact with the loops or grooves of G-quadruplex DNA, unlike conventional ligands which normally stack on top of G-tetrads.[3] Directed DNA evolution (SELEX) against a multiturn helical aromatic amide foldamer having cationic side chains exclusively yielded G-quadruplex aptamers, confirming the selectivity of this interactions.[4]
Foldamers/Protein interactions
In order to explore weak foldamer-protein interactions and gather structural information about foldamer-protein interfaces even in the absence of strong binding, a method is being developed in which foldamers are tethered to protein surfaces. Following this approach, in collaboration with the group of Dr. B. Gallois at the University of Bordeaux-CNRS CBMN laboratory, the crystal structure of a foldamer-human carbonic anhydrase II complex was recently described revealing the formation of a protein dimer mediated by foldamer-protein, foldamer-foldamer and protein-protein interactions.[5] Current research along these lines aim at designing foldamer ligands for protein surfaces involved in therapeutically relevant protein-protein interactions.
- E. Gillies, F. Deiss, C. Staedel, J.-M. Schmitter, I. Huc*, Development and biological assessment of fully water-soluble helical aromatic amide foldamers, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4081; J. Iriondo-Alberdi, K. Laxmi-Reddy, B. Bouguerne, C. Staedel, I. Huc* , Cellular internalization of water-soluble helical aromatic amide foldamers, ChemBioChem, 2010, 11, 1679
- B. Baptiste, C. Douat-Casassus, K. Laxmi-Reddy, F. Godde, I. Huc*, Solid phase synthesis of aromatic oligoamides: application to helical water-soluble foldamers, J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 7175
- P. S. Shirude, E. R. Gillies, S. Ladame, F. Godde, K. Shin-ya, I. Huc, S. Balasubramanian, Macrocyclic and helical oligoamides as a new class of G-quadruplex lingands J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11890
- L. Delaurière, Z. Dong, K. Laxmi-Reddy, F. Godde, J.-J. Toulmé*, I. Huc*, Deciphering aromatic oligoamide foldamer–DNA interactions Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 473
- J. Buratto, C. Colombo, M. Stupfel, S. J. Dawson, C. Dolain, B. Langlois d’Estaintot, L. Fischer, T. Granier, M. Laguerre, B. Gallois*, I. Huc* Structure of a complex formed by a protein and a helical aromatic oligoamide foldamer at 2.1 A resolution Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 883
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